一个中预设的歉意伊斯兰教的教学中的应用关于上帝与拯救

伊斯兰教的教学中的应用一中预设的歉意,关于上帝和救赎

中央浸信会神学院提交的文件

布拉德利G.安德森,2005年4月15日

介绍

一,第三亿人订阅以下断言:“有没有其他的神,但阿拉和穆罕默德是他的使者和仆人。”这供认是穆斯林家长的第一句话往往耳语到新生儿,穆斯林的最后一句话听到关于他的临终。 充分的信念和理解时说,至少有一次在一个人的一生中,这个简单的声明是所有需要做一个穆斯林。 伊斯兰教的迅速增长,目前是世界第二大宗教,仅次于基督教。

伊斯兰教,基督教和犹太教的共同。 所有这三个考虑亚伯拉罕其祖,承认只有一个神,强调类似的道德原则,和来自中东。 因此,有些人认为穆斯林,犹太人和基督徒在同一棵树的不同分支。 在基督教中的一些人甚至建议,真诚的穆斯林并不需要听到福音,因为神接受所有的人真诚地寻求他。 然而,伊斯兰教和基督教在许多点上不可调和的。 基督徒应制定一个基本的了解伊斯兰教,所以他们将能够捍卫基督教穆斯林索赔,并有效地指向穆斯林基督。 一个中预设的基督教道歉将采用比较和对比与圣经教义​​的穆斯林神和救恩的意见。 攻守兼备的歉意元素将被应用在争论的过程中,根据假设读者有一个伊斯兰教的基本知识。

一个道歉的方法

基督徒与穆斯林的一神教,坚持道德标准,在来世的信仰,和承诺的权威著作分享一些共同的看法。 因此,在即将来临的穆斯林,基督徒需要不主张神的存在,或破坏政教分离的结论,他们可能会做与无神论者处理时。 必须发挥歉意的“游戏”的基础是各组神圣的著作。 基督徒必须坚持圣经的权威和破坏“古兰经”的索赔。 一开始提出所有的原因,“圣经”是可靠的,“古兰经”是不是所有的原因歉意的相遇。 这种战略的目的是削弱穆斯林的信心在他的著作和在基督教的书使人产生信心。 这种分两步走的办法,将构成一项艰巨的任务,很少有真正的资格来解决它。 辩护士会寻求不仅抹黑“古兰经”,但也表明,“圣经”是值得信赖的和合格的取代。 基督徒会认为圣经的基督教符合最好的现实和“​​古兰经”包含使其不可靠的严重缺陷。 最终神圣的著作集,其中在这种情况下是最值得信赖的法官必须是人类智慧。 没有人会否认,神可以使用这种方法绘制自己的穆斯林,许多的辩护士找到这个方法卓有成效,但不同的方法可能更有效。

一个中预设的战略需要几个假设,首先,穆斯林有一些真正的上帝的知识。 这并不意味着他们实际上是崇拜的真神,但居住在每个人的心脏,是真正的上帝的一些知识。 中预设的方法的另一个假设是,“圣经”是真实和权威性。 2所有的人,有知识的上帝,因为圣经教导等, 3 ,但像其他非基督徒,穆斯林压制和破坏,他们有知识的上帝。 第三个假设是“福音。 是上帝的拯救大家谁相信的力量“ 4因此,转换是说服人类灵魂的福音真理的圣灵精神的结果。 它主要不是一个很好的理由或有效地封送处理的证据,虽然这种技术可能会在这一进程中发挥支撑作用。 一个第四个假设是,上帝是主权在一个灵魂的救恩5 ,所有的当选将肯定被保存,因为的主权,神的有效调用是最终解开门1信徒的心,并没有份量的,合乎逻辑的论据。 6 ,主必须打开的信徒的心, 7一个第五假设的是宣布福音1在转换过程中必需的元素,因为选民将肯定被保存,但不能没有获得福音讯息8穆斯林,像其他人一样,必须听到这个词,为了应对信心,因为“听。” 9神高兴地用“鼓吹的愚蠢”,以拯救那些相信10本中预设的方法将被应用到穆斯林教学方面神和救恩。

一个中预设的方法应用到伊斯兰教

关于神

当穆罕默德进入麦加的克尔白,他发现了超过三百异教偶像。 他莫名其妙地得出结论,这些偶像没有充分代表了“上帝”真主。 虽然当时的阿拉伯人是异教徒拜偶像,穆罕默德,他的信用,拒绝这样的偶像崇拜,也许是因为他接触到基督教和犹太教。 当他大约四十岁,穆罕默德声称已经开始接受有关真主的启示,通过天使加布里埃尔。 米勒称,“心穆罕默德收到的消息是,有没有上帝,但真主,唯一的真神,谁创造了天地。” 11伊斯兰教的“古兰经”,汇编了这些启示,圣训,传统的基础上的生命和穆罕默德的说法。 安拉和耶和华之间的明显相似之处,许多建议,这两个是相同的神的不同表示。 穆斯林,有些人声称,虽然严重误认为他们崇拜的,不过是追求真神,亚伯拉罕,摩西和耶稣的神。 12穆斯林认为他们崇拜神一样的,因为作为基督徒和犹太人显然尽可能多的古兰经:“我们相信,在已发送给我们,并在被发送给你,我们的上帝,你的神是一;我们提交给他。” 13然而,仔细观察发现,所以不像是真主“圣经”的真神,这是不可能得出这样的结论穆斯林崇拜真正的和唯一的神。 真主是从不同的真神,在一些重要方面。

绝对奇异与三位一体

“圣经”和伊斯兰教的真主的神的基本性质有很大的不同。 据米勒,“可能是最大的伊斯兰教的神学理论的核心价值是tawheed,神的统一。 神合一被许多人认为是伊斯兰教的中心神学价值。 因此三位一体的概念是对穆斯林的排斥。“ 14事实上,“古兰经”作为三有神论,三位神崇拜谴责基督教三位一体15 Madany声称“穆斯林神学家讥讽三位一体的教义,声称这是不合理的,在上帝的启示“古兰经”中的真实和没有依据。“ 16穆斯林的强烈断言说:“真主不会有一个合作伙伴或联营公司,他并没有招致也不是他所生。 与神字,词真主不会有复数或性别。“ 17事实上,最大的罪恶之一,伊斯兰教可以设想的是推脱,真主分配伙伴。 古兰经指出:“上帝赦免不加入其他的神与他的罪。 [O] NE加入其他神与神所偏离很远很远。“ 18基督徒的谁断言三位一体,犯下了不可饶恕的罪过,这是在穆斯林的传统被判处死刑。

穆斯林显然是误解,或者干脆拒绝圣经教导神的三位一体的性质。 对于他们来说,任何一丝神性的多个内金额以多神教。 圣经中的神是三位一体的存在,谁是一个三人,不是一个神三神的神。 一些旧约经文使用复数代词指到19日神,神的名字偶尔地被应用于超过一人。 20在出埃及记3:1-5,耶和华的天使是等同与上帝和神崇拜。 虽然旧约没有提供足够的三位一体的教义的基础,它包含的原则相一致的建议。 旧约强调团结的上帝, 21日和旧约的圣徒,是严格的一神教。 旧约的圣徒举行任何真正的三位一体的理念,这是非常值得怀疑。

关于上帝的儿子和神的启示,圣灵要等到基督和圣灵的作品的历史原貌。 几个新约文本提到在接近三位一体的三人。 在基督的洗礼,儿子是在水中,听到父亲的声音从天上,在鸽子的形式出现的精神, 22路加福音1:32-35提到的主神,至高者的儿子,和圣灵。 即使洗礼公式“中的父亲,儿子,和圣灵的名”,明确规定23的父亲,儿子,和圣灵都有着相同的奇异“的名字。”最后,使徒的祝福,“宽限期我们的主耶稣基督,上帝的爱,和圣灵“ 24金对齐密切关系的人。 众多文本断言团结和平等的父亲,儿子,和圣灵。 25

因为穆斯林宣称真主没有伙伴,他们拒绝神有一个儿子,尤其是一个人的概念“独生子”。像许多伪基督教信徒,穆斯林误解了整个“独生子”的概念。 神,可以作为父亲的建议是对穆斯林的亵渎。 在他们的估计,必须从事与人类女性的性接触,为了成为一个父亲。 这种想法是对穆斯林的排斥,肯定不是基督徒意味着什么时,他们称之为神他们的父亲。 耶稣被称为一个“独生子”,并不表明任何一种神和人类女性之间的性关系。 “父亲”和“儿子”圣经“的条款不需要物理关系或要求性活动。 例如,保罗称他的“信仰的儿子”提摩太26,但这并不意味着体力下降。 耶稣的父子关系无关的物理关系。

期限多长????? 字面意思是“唯一的后裔,”独生子女,没有兄弟姐妹。 27这个词可能是指以体力下降或1的特殊地位或位置,就像以撒是亚伯拉罕的“唯一的独生儿子,”即使亚伯拉罕有其他儿子28耶稣是神之一,唯一的,特殊的,独特的,无与伦比,无可比拟的,亲爱的,或最心爱的儿子。 这仅仅是他为什么被称为“独生儿子”。 长期强调的父亲和儿子之间的特殊关系。 神有许多孩子,但只有一个独生子。 穆斯林似乎没有把握,盖斯勒注意到,其实“[P] Aternity公司可以在超过一个生物学意义上的理解。” 29

虽然可能会被拒绝三位一体的教义,穆斯林和也许是神秘和困惑的平均基督徒,三位一体,是正统的圣经教导。 一神教和三位一体是不是相互排斥的想法。 基督徒是一神论,认识到在多个神圣的统一。 穆斯林会厌恶考虑任何信仰,否认神的团结,这是正确的。 基督徒必须保证他们的正统的基督教是一神教。 圣父,圣子,圣灵是一体的。 30基督徒不否认神的基本统一。

全其他超越与内在性可知

圣经中的上帝和真主之间的另一个显着的区别在于一个人知道神的能力。 “古兰经”真主为全并最终不可知。 凯特称,真主是“遥远的和客观的,他没有与人类立约的关系。 他是万能的,人不能接近他。“ 31穆斯林认为没有类似于在任何方面。 32真主安拉是一个超然的神,不像雅威,他已承诺保持密切的个人接触他的人。 盖斯勒坚持说:“真主不具备的本质,至少1可知。 没有任何性质或本质[阿拉]根据他必须采取行动。“ 33因为真主没有本质或性格,他是能够转移阵地。 “[阿拉]不必是仁慈的,他可以​​意味着,如果他想成为。 他没有要爱所有的,他恨,如果他选择这样做。 换句话说,爱和怜悯[阿拉]。“的本质是不34安拉的本质,如果有一个,最终是不可知的,即使是真诚的穆斯林。

虽然基督徒常说认识上帝或神的知识增长,穆斯林很少使用这样的语言。 他们知道真主只在自己服从他的意志,不感兴趣。 因此,为盖斯勒注意到,“上帝的伊斯兰观点涉及一种不可知论。 神的名字不告诉我们神是什么样子的东西,但只是上帝的旨意行事。 神的行动不反映神的性格。“ 35穆斯林坦率地承认了。 穆斯林哲学家阿布 - 哈米德·安萨里说:“教[穆斯林的知识最终的结果是他们无法知道他,他们的知识,说实话,他们不知道他这是绝对不可能为他们认识他。 这是不可能的人真正知道除了真主安拉(本人)。“ 36知识产权穆斯林伊斯梅尔铝Faruqui承认说:“真主不透露自己在任何方式向任何人。 上帝揭示了他的意志。“ 37穆斯林似乎忽略了索赔,真主是不可知的,他透露了他的意志的断言之间的矛盾。 任何来自真主的沟通会透露一些有关他的人。 如果真主是真正的不可知,穆斯林不应该对他提出的任何陈述。 即使声明,“真主是不可知的,”断言约真主的东西。 另一方面,如果真主的描述是真实的,穆斯林不应该声称他是不可知的。 具有讽刺意味的是,索赔“的终极目标(人)是认识神”是不是外国伊斯兰教, 38可能寻求真主知道,但这种搜索只会产生挫折感,因为在最后,他是不可知。

基督徒相信他们知道神,因为神是可知的和已经发现人类的头脑可以掌握自己的方式39 。因为人类反映神的形象,他们有能力认识神。 基督教声称,上帝具有一定的属性,这些属性的真正描述神的性质和本质。 正如埃里克森的状态,“属性是整个神性的永久的素质,他是什么构成的神。” 40真神阿拉不同,绝不会违背他的本质特征。 神不仅是他的意愿,而且还自己为人类揭示了耶稣,谁是神对人的终极表达形式。 41神透露自己通过神和神的儿子的话。 基督徒认为上帝是最终难以理解,但不能说他是不可知的。

反复无常的命令与稳定的主权

穆斯林和基督徒反对神的主权性质。 “的喊声”Allahlau阿克巴尔“,意思是”上帝是最大的,大声预示着整个穆斯林世界,每日数次从尖塔。 作为凯特票据,伊斯兰教教导说:“上帝有完整的电源,可以做任何他想做的事。 他已经注定了每个人的生活的每一天。“ 42真主的宿命所有的东西,包括不信的异教徒和邪恶的罪人。 伊斯兰教词典“说”[阿拉]欲使不信的异教徒和邪恶的无神论,没有这将有既不是不信也不是无神论。“ 43对穆斯林的主权意味着真主可能改变主意,甚至承诺这将是对人类罪恶的行为。 凯特规定如下:

三次古兰经教导我们,神欺骗。 这些相同的三节说,上帝是最好的骗子(古兰经3:54; 8:30; 10:21)。 这些经文英文翻译使用像“情节,”“计划,”或“的最好策划的话”,但这些翻译不不反映的,原马卡拉。汉斯韦汉弗的标准阿拉伯语字典完整的意思表示, 马卡拉表示“欺骗,欺骗,定义为“狡猾,狡猾,狡猾的欺骗,愚弄,海鸥,或双十字”和玛吉 。“ 44

穆斯林崇拜的神是谁不仅是不可知的,但也不可预知的。 如果他选择了仇恨和不人道的,并不矛盾,因为他有没有他的本质特征。 有趣的是,“古兰经”教导我们,真主是直接负责灾害,犯罪,以及各种形式的邪恶。 近二十个在“古兰经”的经文教导真主导致男性45误入歧途。然而,穆斯林不会形容为邪恶或邪恶真主。 但是,如果真主是由他的行动,这似乎一致来形容他的邪恶和恶人,以及良好。 真主本质上是不可知的手段一个也不能肯定,真主将如何采取行动或他会做什么。

基督徒同意与他们的穆斯林朋友,上帝是万能的,在他创作的主权。 但是,真正的上帝也不能犯罪,或相反他透露自己的方式行事。 真神是骗子46 ,绝不会采取行动,他的神圣的字符不一致。 47上帝是不是作者的罪过, 48,虽然他是邪恶的人使用的罪恶行动,以达到自己的目的的能力。 49作为伯克霍夫的言论,真正的上帝是“缺乏所有的变化,不仅在他作为,但在他的完美,在他的宗旨和承诺。 是从所有加入或缩减,并从他或完善所有的增长或衰变的自由。“ 50正如诗人说,“嘿,应改变,但你是相同的。” 51耶稣基督,至高无上 ​​的启示神的人,是“相同的昨天,今天,直到永远。” 52

与自信信仰万物有灵的迷信

质量信徒的信仰基督教和伊斯兰教的中心之间的另一个显着区别。 异教的迷信,而不是在真主的善良和力量的信心信任,伊斯兰教内普遍存在。 例如,穆斯林认为,在克尔白的黑的石陨石​​是原本清澈见底,但漆黑成为通过亲吻穆斯林的罪孽。 任何形式的死石鞠躬,亲吻的程度,尤其是崇拜异教偶像崇拜,而不是单纯的一神教崇拜,只能确定53凯特断言,“穆斯林的强烈相信在个人撒旦和魔鬼,被称为精灵。 从精灵来的邪眼的权力。 恐惧的邪眼,精灵,和那些特殊的权力给予诅咒穆斯林奠定了沉重的代价。“ 54一个普通穆斯林的迷信可以列出一长串。 凯特提到几个:

在孩子们的第一年,他们经常保持非常脏,甚至在干净的房子用干净的父母,因为一个干净的孩子,能吸引邪恶的眼睛。 没有人是恭维婴儿或一个年轻的孩子,因为这可能打开被邪恶的眼睛手段传给孩子。 如果是一种恭维,然后玛莎真主 (“赞美上帝”)说,为了阻止损害孩子的邪眼的力量。 “古兰经”的经文是固定到童装抵挡邪恶的眼睛。 和煤油灯,可能会保持在所有晚上在村民家中,为了保持精灵。 穆斯林聚集到圣人的坟墓,相信在说情或回答他们的祈祷,圣白骨墓的权力。 穆斯林墓周围可能走,用自己的双手触摸它,然后把他们的手,在他们的脸上,转嫁自己从圣人的祝福。 许多护身符戴来抵挡邪恶的眼睛和精灵的力量。 许多穆斯林认为某种形式的神奇力量,帮助他们保持平衡或平衡的精神,与世界55

在一个特别荒谬例如穆斯林迷信,圣训穆罕默德说,“如果你的人,唤起从睡眠和执行的洗礼,他应该把它的水,然后吹了三次洗他的鼻子,因为撒旦留在他的鼻子上部所有的夜晚。“ 56另一个传统称57撒旦对于那些睡觉时,他们应该祈祷的恶作剧。

圣经教导,撒旦漫游寻求任何人,他可以摧毁地球,但它提到关于他的任何人的鼻孔内住宿过夜。 基督徒承认撒旦和魔鬼的力量,但他们也承认,这种权力是上帝的主权控制下,最终。 基督徒克服撒但 ​​和邪灵,因为神是比“他说,在世界上是。” 59 58基督徒可以甜甜地睡很熟,知道他们有没有害怕时,上帝是他们的信任和安全的源头。客观,遥远不可知的上帝,伊斯兰教不产生信心,在他的追随者或安全。 基督徒担心无鬼,鬼,jinns,或邪恶的眼睛。 被取代的恐惧和胆怯的精神“力量和爱和纪律。” 60正如凯特建议,

基督徒应该永远不会忘记他们崇拜个人的上帝,谁听见和应允祷告,他已经创造了世界,谁拥有一切权力,他先后击败撒旦在十字架上,谁最终将战胜撒旦,谁能够解决的问题任何穆斯林摔跤。 61

真正的基督教撵迷信,而伊斯兰教是与它充满。

关于救世军

除了各自不同的意见,关于上帝的本质,基督徒和穆斯林不同意对救恩的要求。 像基督徒,穆斯林是确保在天上为自己的地方感兴趣。 穆斯林相信,俗世生活是永恒的准备,无论是在天上的幸福或在地狱的刑罚。 “古兰经” 62包含许多警告,对于即将到来的审判日,所有将举行自己的信仰和行动负责。 虽然基督徒与穆斯林对未来的判断和天堂与地狱的存在现实的同意,这两个信仰不同的显着在他们的教导关于救恩的性质和实现它的条件。

无力与沉沦

罪恶的人是基督徒和穆斯林之间的分歧的一个重要领域。 伊斯兰教教人是弱,罪恶,无知,而不是精神上的死。 人需要有一个老师和指南,而不是救世主。 人是完全有能力由自己的意志和努力取悦神。 kateregga断言,“伊斯兰教与基督教的信念,即人需要赎回无法识别。 在基督教信仰基督救赎牺牲不符合伊斯兰的观点,人类一直从根本上良好,上帝爱和原谅那些服从他的意志。“ 63因此,人只有在朝着正确的方向推,不是他的灵魂,他的本性或再生的装修。 人的生命的终极目的是不知道神,荣耀神,永远享受他,而是要了解安拉的意志和更加服从他的命令64

尽管穆斯林相信人的堕落创世记中透露的基本轮廓,他们也认为,亚当的罪没有改变他的本性,和秋天,没有任何对后代的影响。 作为罗兹注意到,穆斯林相信,“亚当是摔倒后一样,他是前。 他仍然是完全能够服从上帝。“ 65马哈茂德·A.阿尤布以下:

无论是在古兰经和先知圣训传统,伊斯兰教坚持,每个人出生与神的良知。 这方面的知识是没有那么多认识或信息,而这是一个无辜的信仰状态,一个独创的状态(fitra)重新表示在每一个孩子。 66

Islam asserts that every child is born as innocent as Adam was before the fall. Muslims see Adam's sin as a “minor slip-up,” 67 not a foundational corruption of human nature passed down from Adam to the whole human race. Kateregga claims that “Muslims . do not accuse Adam and Eve of transmitting sin and evil to the whole of mankind. The two were absolved of their sin, and their descendants were made immune from its effect. Sin is not original, hereditary, or inevitable.” 68 Adam made a mistake—he forgot about God's prohibition against eating the fruit of the tree. But he repented, God forgave him, and all was restored to a pre-fall condition. Muslims believe that people sin, not because of a sin nature inherited from Adam, but because of human weakness and forgetfulness. Sinners needed the prophets to supply continual reminders of Allah's laws. Oddly enough, the Qur'an claims that Satan reminded Adam about the results of sin during the temptation. This tradition contradicts the Muslim teaching that Adam simply forgot God's command not to eat of the fruit. 69 Islam recognizes that men will sin, but those who seek to obey Allah's will find forgiveness. Man's heart is not utterly depraved; it is merely distracted. Muslims do not describe salvation in terms of conversion or deliverance from sin, but as remembering or returning. 70

If sin is such a minor matter and so easily overcome, why do sinners merit the drastic punishments Allah threatens against them? Allah's extreme reaction against transgressors is inappropriate if sin is no more than forgetfulness and distraction. Further, the Muslim view of sin cannot account for the depths of human depravity. It is hard to believe that root of idolatry, greed, and hatred is simple memory lapse. Reminders and appeals to return have little power to curb the lust of the flesh and the pride of life.

Christians believe the problem of sin is far more extensive than Muslims. The Bible regards Adam's iniquity as more than a trivial slip-up. By his disobedience, Adam plunged the whole race into sin and brought the world itself into the “bondage of corruption.” 71 The sin of the one man passed down to all men. 72 The Bible teaches that the one sin of the one man Adam somehow influences the whole race. Man sins because he is sinful, and sin has penetrated every part of every person. People are sinners by birth and by choice. Sin is rebellion against God, a violation of his law, and failure to meet God's standard, not merely weakness and forgetfulness. Christianity does not identify with the Muslim idea that man is fundamentally good.

Christians believe that the solution to the sin problem is not reminders or redirection, but total renovation. Man needs a new “heart of flesh” to replace his heart of stone. 73 Jesus came into the world as a Second Adam to reverse the effects of the fall for believers. Those “in Christ” are new creations 74 who have the Spirit-given capacity to turn away from sin and live holy lives. Man's slavery to sin has been broken; sin has no more dominion over the believer. 75 The Christian has been justified, legally pardoned based on Christ's substitutionary atonement. He is no longer found guilty; his sins are forgiven, and the righteousness of Christ is imputed to him. 76 God, through Christ, solves one's sin problem judicially and gives the believer the capacity to overcome sin practically.

Faith Plus Works vs. Repentant Faith Alone

Muslim ideas of faith and works are radically different from Christian views. Muslims are quick to point out that their system of faith is far easier to believe and practice than the complicated and abstract faith of Christianity. Islam has only three basic elements of faith: belief in the oneness of God, belief in the prophecy of Mohammed, and belief in life after death. These three are commonly expanded to include belief in Allah and his attributes, the teaching of the prophets, the sacred books, resurrection, the angels, and Allah's sovereign control over everything. 77 Whoever denies any of these elements is assumed to be kafir, an unbeliever. Islam, as popularly understood and practiced, boils down to the following simple ideas: “spread peace, feed people food, and do some devotional practice, and you'll enter paradise without any trouble.” 78

Islam affirms the biblical truth that “faith without works is dead,” 79 but unlike Christianity, it holds that good works are a necessary, meritorious element of salvation. Islam emphasizes the following “pillars” or good works that the faithful are expected to carry out and without which salvation is impossible: confession, prayer, fasting, almsgiving, and pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in one's life. Some Muslims also include jihad , holy war or some other kind of exertion for the cause of Islam. 80 No salvation exists in the Muslim world apart from practicing the pillars, described by the Arabic word ibadat , from the root “slave. Miller notes that these pillars or works “are the services a slave renders to his Owner.” 81 One American convert to Islam found that faith attractive because it “puts the onus of salvation on the believer.” 82 On the final Judgment Day, Allah will weigh one's good works against his evil works. The Qur'an states, “Then when the Trumpet is blown, . those whose balance (of good deeds) is heavy—they will be successful: But those whose balance is light, will be those who have lost their souls, in Hell will they abide.” 83

Muslims must believe the right things and do the right things if they are to maintain any hope of a blissful afterlife. Faith alone will not save anyone; works are also required. Many passages from the Qur'an assert the necessity of both faith and works for salvation:

这不是你的脸转向东方或西方,你们的义,但它是义相信真主和末日,天使,和书,和使者;花你的物质的爱,他,你的亲属,为孤儿,为有需要人士,为旅人,那些人问,和为奴隶的赎金,要坚定地祈祷,给天课(定期慈善);履行合同的,你们有;疼痛(或痛苦)和逆境,整个恐慌时期,要坚定和耐心。 这是真理,敬畏上帝的人。 这些谁相信,做行善祂所上帝许诺的宽恕和一个伟大的奖赏。 但是,那些相信和义,无负担工作给我们上放置任何灵魂,但是,它可以承受,他们将同伴的花园,其中住(永远)。 至于那些谁相信和工作正气,众志成城,我们不应遭受灭亡的任何人(单)的善行义举的奖励。 84

基督教教会的信仰完全不同的理解。 基督徒相信,他们发现其中85神的话语,揭示了人与基督的工作。 86这个启示信仰基督自己。 87真诚,悔改的信心,逮捕正确的对象是救恩;没有别的要求。 如果一个人“有”基督的,他有永恒的生命。 88拯救信仰的对象是先知耶稣基督。 在伊斯兰教并非如此。 穆斯林相信穆罕默德是真主的先知,但不是说穆罕默德是神圣的,或他的工作是救恩的基础。 穆罕默德透露真主的意志,树立了良好的榜样,但他没有其他任何人比自己购买得救。 在伊斯兰教中,每个人都必须购买他通过自己的救赎信仰和好的作品。 在穆罕默德的信仰不信任他赦罪或提供救恩。 相比之下,基督教信仰要求信徒相信基督的人,工作要救他。 基督是救主;穆罕默德从来没有声称自己是救世主。

此外,基督教会比不伊斯兰教的优秀作品截然不同的看法。 圣经的作者一再否认的想法,作品是在得救立功。 89基督徒声称被单独蒙恩,仅通过信仰,而穆斯林寻求通过服从上帝的青睐,值得。 圣经断言,人们可以相信在上帝的救恩,或寻求通过优秀作品获得上帝的批准,但不能两者兼得。 90顽固不化的优秀作品,虽然它们在一定意义上是良好的,但非立功。 作品自然会浮现在真正的信徒的生命,但作品不帮助或保护基督徒得救。 信心没有行为是死的,但这样是取决于对作品的信心,带来救赎。

不确定性与确定性

尽管其所有有关救恩的要求大胆断言,伊斯兰教传达出一点肯定,忠实永远不会实现它。 Because salvation in Islam is based on a comparison between one's good and evil works, the typical Muslim is unsure of his eternal destiny. For Muslims, affirming their own righteousness is presumptuous because it is impossible for anyone to know whether his good deeds outweigh his bad deeds until Judgment Day. When a Muslim is asked if he is a believer or if he will attain heaven, he will commonly answer, “If it be the will of God.” 91 No assurance of salvation is possible for Muslims, at least not one based on faith and good works. The only people who can be absolutely assured of heaven are those who lose their lives fighting in a jihad, which explains why so many Muslims are willing to give their lives in Allah's service. Sura 3:195 states, “Those who have . fought or been slain—verily I will blot out from them their iniquities, and admit them into gardens with rivers flowing beneath.” Since the majority of Muslims do not die during jihad, they can have no confidence of eternal life. Muslims commonly attempt to do additional good works such as fasts, prayers, gifts to charity, and pilgrimages, in the hope of shifting the scales in their favor. But ultimately, a blissful eternity is dependent upon the arbitrary will of Allah, and no one can predict what Allah's decision will be. 92 One authoritative tradition suggests that Mohammed himself was unsure of his eternal destiny. 93 Like all other Muslims, even the prophet could only hope for the best.

Unlike Muslims, Christians can be assured of their eternal destination. The Bible repeatedly asserts that one can know he is saved. 94 One's sense of assurance is based on biblical promises, the presence of certain evidences, and the internal witness of the Holy Spirit. If a believer has sincerely repented of sin and turned to Christ for forgiveness, he has fulfilled the biblical requirements for salvation. Shortly after salvation, fruit should start appearing in the life of a believer. This fruit, or evidence of spiritual life, may take many forms, such as obedience to Christ's commands, love for the brotherhood of believers, a desire to be baptized, and union with a church. Those without such evidence have good reason to question their salvation, but the presence of such evidence should give the believer increased confidence that he is genuinely saved. The Holy Spirit has promised to indwell the believer and witness to him internally that he is a child of God. 95 This internal witness is admittedly a subjective, personal experience and not to be considered apart from biblical promises or the presence of evidence. If one has followed the biblical guidelines, is experiencing the common evidences of salvation, and is enjoying the internal witness of the Holy Spirit, he should be confident that he is saved.

Fanciful Speculation vs. Spiritual Worship

穆斯林认为死后存在不同大幅从基督教的观点。 穆斯林相信,在死亡的灵魂,是一个忠实的穆斯林在香喷喷的服装,通过七层天的衣服,又迎来了进入神的存在,然后返回到身体,等待未来的审判日。 异教徒的灵魂,是与恶臭服装,包装,带到天堂,但转过身去,然后再返回到身体等待判决。 虽然在坟墓里,穆斯林参观检查它们的人对他们的信仰的天使。 如果死的人声称真主,伊斯兰教和穆罕默德,天使的人舒适和“打开一个窗口,通过它们可以凝视着花园和接收风和天堂的气味。” 96另一方面不信,是而在坟墓受到极大的不适和感觉地狱和其他热风折磨。 虽然有些穆斯林拒绝接受判决前的处罚和奖励的想法,流行的观点保持。 有些人认为,灵魂睡眠,而其他人认为灵魂是完全意识和积极的。 有人建议,死者不与生活,但也有人声称,死者的发言,并参观他们的朋友。 也许暂时的精神徘徊在他们的家园和正在履行自己的事务,如何观察。 无间的精神可能徘徊在地球或参观花园。 伊斯兰教主张对死者的活动没有统一的教学,在这个阶段,大多数受过教育的穆斯林不猜测的确切性质和来世的细节。 97

As Geisler notes, “the fact of bodily resurrection is a cornerstone of Mohammed's early preaching.” 98 Muslims believe that at the final judgment, the angel of death, Israfil, will blow a trumpet, after which God will resurrect the dead. Allah will recreate each person's body in its original shape and will rejoin every soul to its body. All people will be called to stand before Allah to await judgment, and this waiting period may last for a thousand years. Eventually, he will begin judging everyone based on his deeds, intentions, and desires, which have been recorded by two angels. Allah will employ a scale to weigh one's good deeds against his bad. Everyone will be forced to cross seerat , the bridge over hell. The faithful will cross quickly and easily, while unbelievers will fail to cross and will fall into the abyss of hell. During this process, some will implore Mohammed to intercede for them; and he will agree, allowing many who were destined for hell to enter heaven. In fact, some who fell into hell will be released through the prophet's intercession. Most Muslims believe that only the musrikun , those unbelievers who have committed the worst sins, such as impugning the unity of God, will suffer the eternal torments of hell. Geisler condenses the Qur'an's description of hell:

[居民],将沸腾的水的混合物。 然后他们的回报是(熊熊)火“(37:62-68)。 此外,它有激烈的“滚烫的水”与“激烈的爆炸,火灾和沸水和黑烟的阴影”(55:44),(56:42-43)。 “当他们投其中,他们将听取其呼吸(可怕的)绘图,甚至一大片,来回,几乎破灭愤怒”(67:7-8)。 火的人叹息,哀号和猥琐(11:106)。 他们烧焦的皮肤都在不断为新的交换,使他们能够重新品尝的煎熬(4点45分)。 他们喝流脓水,虽然各方出现死亡,他们是不能死(14:16-17)。 将开水倒在他们头上,他们的内心,以及他们的皮肤融化,铁钩将它们拖回他们应该设法逃脱(22:19-21) 99

Muslims who successfully cross the bridge over hell will arrive safely in heaven, the “Gardens of Felicity.” 100 The faithful will be given delicious drinks and are promised the companionship of young and beautiful women. In fact, each man may have seventy-two beautiful maidens at his disposal. 101 Kripalani asserts that “Mohammed's conception of Paradise is well known to be materialistic and voluptuous,” a place where all physical desires may be fully satisfied. 102 Everyone will be content, peaceful and secure. The Qur'an says that the faithful “will enjoy gentle speech, pleasant shade, and every available fruit, as well as the cool drink and meat they desire. They will drink from a shining stream of delicious wine,” wear gold and pearls, robes of finest silk, and be waited on by servants. 103 A tree in Paradise is so large that a rider can travel in its shade for a hundred years. Spectacular views of fountains, pavilions, and rivers delight on every side. 104 One tradition asserts that each man in heaven will inhabit a hollowed-out pearl, sixty miles long, in which he will have a number of wives, none of whom will see the others. 105 But the spiritual joys of heaven will exceed the physical pleasures of the place. “[T]he greatest bliss is the good pleasure of God: that is the supreme felicity.” 106 Muslims differ on whether the descriptions of heaven and hell should be interpreted literally or symbolically.

A simple description of the Muslim view of the afterlife exposes it as a weak link within the system. Pleasant or foul-smelling garments, graveside views of heaven or hell, angelic visitors, disembodied spirits hovering nearby, the bridge over hell, sensual delights of heaven, barbaric descriptions of hell—many such elements were likely plagiarized from earlier religions such as Zoroastrianism. Christians agree that heaven and hell exist, but the biblical description of these places has little in common with the fanciful imaginations rife within Islam.

The Bible teaches that upon death the soul immediately leaves the body and eternally resides ever after in a state of bliss or punishment. The soul does not remain in the grave with the dead body, nor does it sleep or haunt its old neighborhood. Absent from the body, one's soul is “present with the Lord” 107 or experiencing the just desserts of sin. 108 Christians will be judged for their works, but their entrance into heaven is not based on this judgment. Viewpoints regarding the eschaton differ within Christianity, but all agree that there will be a future resurrection and judgment for the just and the unjust. The just will enjoy eternal bliss while the wicked will suffer eternal torment. Then all things will be made new and the eternal state will commence. 109 Noticeably absent from Christian belief are the more gruesome descriptions of hell or the sensual and fanciful descriptions of heavenly bliss, but Christians can agree with their Muslim friends that “the greatest bliss is the good pleasure of God.” Worship, not the fulfillment of physical desires, will be a primary activity for those in heaven. 110 Intimate, unbroken, perfect fellowship of believers with their Creator and Redeemer will be the ultimate reward.

结论

While Islam and Christianity share some common views, they are not compatible faiths. Muslims worship a different God and seek salvation through different means. Allah has little in common with the true God revealed in the Bible. God is a Trinity, not an absolute singularity. God has revealed himself to man and is knowable, not wholly other and essentially unknowable. God's character and nature are stable, not arbitrary and contradictory. The Christian faith precludes superstition rather than encouraging it. Likewise, the Christian view of salvation differs radically from Islam. Christianity takes the problem of human sinfulness far more seriously than does Islam, asserting that the natural man is utterly depraved, not just distracted. Man is saved by repentant faith alone, not by faith plus works. The Christian may be confident and secure in his salvation, while even a sincere, faithful Muslim has no genuine assurance that he will ever attain heavenly bliss. Christians look forward to an orderly and worshipful afterlife, not a chaotic, sensual one.

The Qur'an claims that Allah told Mohammed, “When in doubt ask those who read the previous scriptures.” 111 Some Muslims may follow this advice and be receptive to the Christian message. Since the gospel is the “power of God unto salvation,” and since “faith comes by hearing,” the best approach to employ when encountering Muslims is a simple proclamation of biblical claims. The Qur'an says, “You will find those who are nearest in love to [Muslims] to be those who say, 'We are Christians' because among them are men devoted to learning and self-denial, and they are not arrogant.” 112 A humble, compassionate, educated explanation of “the previous scriptures” may be the most effective strategy in reaching Muslims.

参考书目

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1 The composition of this statement may take various forms such as, “There is no God but God, and Mohammed is his apostle.”

2 John 17:17; 1 Tim 3:15-17; 2 Pet 1:19-21.

3 Rom 1:18-25.

4 Rom 1:16.

5 Rom 9:15-16.

6 John 6:37, 40, 10:28.

7 Acts 16:14; 1 Cor 2:13-14.

8 Rom 10:9-17.

9 Rom 10:17, cf. John 5:24.

10 1 Cor 1:21.

11 William M. Miller, A Christian Response to Islam (Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R, 1976), 21.

12 Miller, Christian Response , 75. “When Muslims worship their Creator, they are surely worshiping the true God.” Miller concedes that much of what Muslims believe about God is incorrect.

13 Sura 29:46.

14 Patrick O. Cate, Islamic Values and the Gospel,” Bibliotheca Sacra 155 (1998): 357. Version 2.1b. 2000-2004.

15 Miller, Christian Response , 73. 比照。 Sura 5:116.

16 Bassam M. Madany, “The Trinity and Christian Missions to Muslims,” Reformation and Revival 10 (2001): 120. Version 2.1b. 2000-2004.

17 A. Zahoor and Z. Haq, “Biography of Prophet Mohammed,” np [cited 26 Mar 2002]. Online: http://users.erols.com/zenithco/Mohammed.html.

18 Norman L. Geisler and Abdul Saleeb, Answering Islam (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002), 20.

19 Gen 1:1, 1:26; 3:22.

20 Ps 110:1; Isa 48:16, 61:1.

21 Deut 6:4-5.

22 Matt 3:16-17.

23 Matt 28:19.

24 2 Cor 13:14.

25 John 6:27, 20:17; Heb 1:8; Titus 2:13; John 1:1, 5:23; Acts 5:3-4; Matt 28:19; 2 Cor 13:14.

26 1 Tim 1:2.

27 Büchsel, “?????????,” TDNT . Version 2.1b. 2000-2004.

28 Heb 11:17.

29 Geisler, Answering Islam , 139.

30 John 10:30, 17:22; Acts 5:3-4.

31 Cate, “Islamic Values,” 357.

32 Mohammed Abdul Rauf, Islam: Creed and Worship (Washington DC: The Islamic Center, 1974), 2.

33 Geisler, Answering Islam , 140.

34 Geisler, Answering Islam , 141.

35 Geisler, Answering Islam , 141.

36 Fadlou Shehadi, Ghazali's Unique Unknowable God (Leiden: Brill, 1964), 37.

37 Isma'il Al-Faruqi, Christian Mission and Islamic Da'wah: Proceedings from the Chambesy Dialogue Consultation (Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1982), 47-48, quoted in Geisler, Answering Islam , 142.

38 Shehadi, Unknowable God , 37.

39 Jer 9:24; Phil 3:10; 1 John 2:3.

40 Millard Erickson, Christian Theology (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1985), 265.

41 Heb 1:1-3.

42 Cate, “Islamic Values,” 357.

43 Abdiyah Akbar Abdul-Haqq, Dictionary of Islam (Minneapolis: Bethany, 1980), 147, quoted in Emir Fethi Caner and Ergun Mehmet Caner, More than a Prophet (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2003), 41.

44 Cate, “Islamic Values,” 358.

45 Ron Rhodes, Reasoning from the Scriptures with Muslims (Eugene, OR: Harvest House, 2002), 99.

46 Titus 1:2, literally “the non-lying God.”

47 Isa 47:4, 57:15.

48 Jas 1:13.

49 Acts 4:27-28.

50 Louis Berkhof, Systematic Theology (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1941), 58. Version 2.1b. 2000-2004.

51 Ps 102:26-27.

52 Heb 13:8.

53 John Gilchrist, “Our Approach to Islam: Charity or Militancy?” np [cited 20 Dec 2004]. Online: http://answering-islam.org.uk/Gilchrist/charity.html.

54 Cate, “Islamic Values,” 362.

55 Cate, “Islamic Values,” 362-363.

56 M. Muhsin Kahn, trans. Sahih Bukhari , np [cited 24 Jan 2005]. Online: http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/ fundamentals/hadithsunnah/ bukhari/054.sbt.html.

57 Kahn, Sahih Bukhari , np Someone told the Prophet about a man who had kept on sleeping until morning and had not got up for prayer. The Prophet said, “Satan urinated in his ears.”

58 1 John 4:4.

59 Prov 3:23-26.

60 2 Tim 1:7.

61 Cate, “Islamic Values,” 364.

62 Geisler, Answering Islam , 109.

63 Badru D. Kateregga and David W. Shenk, A Muslim and a Christian Dialogue (Scottsdale, PA: Herald Press, 1997), 175.

64 Rhodes, Reasoning , 233.

65 Rhodes, Reasoning , 235.

66 Mahmoud A. Ayoub, “Revelation and Salvation: Towards an Islamic View of History , ” np [cited 17 December, 2004]. Online at: http://al-islam.org/al-serat/rev-salv.htm .

67 Rhodes, Reasoning , 234.

68 Kateregga, Dialogue , 141.

69 Sura 7:20.

70 Caner, More than a Prophet , 123.

71 Rom 8:21.

72 Rom 5:12-19.

73 Ezek 11:19.

74 2 Cor 5:17.

75 Rom 6:14-22.

76 Rom 5:1; 2 Cor 5:21.

77 Geisler, Answering Islam , 125.

78 Hamza Yusuf Hanson, Mohammed: Legacy of a Prophet on DVD , np Kikim Media and Unity Productions Foundation, 2002.

79 Jas 2:17.

80 Geisler, Answering Islam , 126.

81 Miller, Christian Response , 57.

82 Kevin James, Legacy , np

83 Sura 23:101-103.

84 Sura 2:177, 5:10, 7:42, 18:30.

85 Rom 10:17; 1 Thess 2:13.

86 John 20:30-31; 1 Thess 4:14.

87 John 12:44; Acts 16:31.

88 1 John 5:12.

89 Gal 2:16; Eph 2:8-9; Titus 3:5.

90 Rom 11:6.

91 Geisler, Answering Islam , 128.

92 Rhodes, Reasoning , 236.

93 Caner, More than a Prophet , 125.

94 1 John 3:14, 4:13, 5:10-13.

95 Rom 8:16.

96 Geisler, Answering Islam , 111.

97 Geisler, Answering Islam , 114.

98 Geisler, Answering Islam , 117.

99 Geisler, Answering Islam , 122.

100 Sura 37:43; 52:34; 56:17; 74:19.

101 Rhodes, Reasoning , 268.

102 Raj Kripalani, “The Doctrine of Heaven (Paradise) Behind the Veil of Islam,” Conservative Theological Journal 6, no. 19 (2002): 351. Version 2.1b. 2000-2004. “As for the righteous, they shall surely triumph. Theirs shall be gardens and vineyards, and high-bosomed virgins for companions: a truly overflowing cup.” Sura 78:31.

103 Sura 37:45-47.

104 Rhodes, Reasoning , 257.

105 Kripalani, “Doctrine,” 358.

106 Sura 9:72.

107 2 Cor 5:8.

108 Luke 16:19-31.

109 2 Pet 3:9-13; Rev 21:5.

110 Rev 4:10-11, 15:4, 22:9.

111 Sura 10:95; 16:43.

112 Sura 5:85.

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